Jyotirao Phule (1827–1890)

Govindrao Phule was a pioneering Indian social reformer whose work laid the foundation for anti-caste humanism in modern India. Born in Pune to a family belonging to the Mali caste, Phule faced caste discrimination firsthand, shaping his lifelong commitment to social equality. Along with his wife Savitribai, Phule opened India’s first school for girls in 1848—an act considered radical at the time. Phule worked tirelessly for the uplift of Shudras, Dalits, and women, arguing that caste oppression was fundamentally anti-human and incompatible with justice. His organization, the Satyashodhak Samaj (Truth-Seekers’ Society), challenged Brahminical dominance and promoted rationalism, equality, and education for the oppressed. Phule’s writings—especially Gulamgiri (Slavery)—offered a powerful critique of religiously sanctioned inequality. He linked caste oppression in India to global histories of slavery and colonialism, showing a universal humanist compassion unusual for his time. Phule envisioned a society rooted in dignity, self-respect, and shared humanity. His influence extends deeply into Ambedkarite thought, feminist movements, and contemporary social justice activism. Phule remains a towering figure in Indian humanism: secular, egalitarian, and uncompromising in his advocacy for the rights of the marginalized.