K. Saraswathi Amma (1919–1975)

Saraswathi Amma was a Malayalam feminist writer whose stories and essays challenged patriarchal norms, religious conservatism, and gender inequality. Born in Kerala, Amma wrote boldly about women’s autonomy, sexuality, and the oppressive roles assigned to them in traditional society. Her rationalist worldview questioned religious dogma and promoted independent thinking. Although marginalized in her time, she is today recognized as a major voice in early Indian feminist humanism.